Spy in Amber by Manohar Malgonkar

Chapter 1

The Monastery in the Hills

The story opens in the remote Himalayas, where the head lama of the Ragyabas monastery fears that the Chinese will soon invade. He orders the transfer of the Panchen Lama's priceless jewels to the Indian government for safekeeping. The Chinese, however, learn of the plan and send two of their most ruthless spies to New Delhi to intercept the jewels.

Chapter 2

The Man from Peking

Jeet Mansingh, a colonel in the Indian Military Intelligence, is tasked with tracking down the Chinese spies. Even before his mission can start, he is attacked and injured, but he refuses to give up. With the help of his nurse, Rupa, Jeet follows the spies' trail through the streets of New Delhi and the corridors of power.

Chapter 3

The Qutub Minar

Jeet's investigation leads him to a Chinese restaurant in New Delhi, where he meets Chomo Jung, one of the Chinese spies. Chomo Jung is a ruthless and cunning man, and he quickly realizes that Jeet is onto him. Jeet and Chomo Jung engage in a cat-and-mouse game, with each trying to outwit the other.

Chapter 4

The Valley of the Moon

Jeet's investigation takes him to the Qutub Minar, where he believes the Chinese spies are hiding the jewels. He follows them to a secret chamber in the Minar, but they are able to escape. Jeet is captured by the Chinese, but he manages to escape and continue his pursuit.

Chapter 5

The Secret Chamber

Jeet tracks the Chinese spies to a small village in the Himalayas. He learns that they are planning to meet with a Tibetan agent who has information about the location of the Ragyabas monastery. Jeet infiltrates the meeting and learns that the monastery is located in a remote valley.

Chapter 6

The Return to Delhi

Jeet and Rupa travel to the remote valley where the Ragyabas monastery is located. They are able to find the monastery and meet with the head lama. The lama tells them that the jewels are hidden in a secret chamber in the monastery.

Chapter 7

The Medals

Jeet and Rupa return to New Delhi with the jewels. They are able to thwart the Chinese plot to steal the jewels and prevent them from falling into the wrong hands.

Major and minor characters 

Jeet Mansingh: The main protagonist of the story. He is a colonel in the Indian Military Intelligence, and he is tasked with tracking down two Chinese spies who are trying to steal the Panchen Lama's priceless jewels. Jeet is a complex and well-developed character. He is intelligent, brave, and determined, but he is also flawed. He is arrogant and hot-headed, and he often makes impulsive decisions. However, he is also capable of great love and compassion, and he is ultimately redeemed by his courage and his willingness to sacrifice himself for his country.

Rupa: Jeet's nurse, and a key supporting character in the story. She is a young woman who is intelligent, resourceful, and compassionate. She is also fiercely loyal to Jeet, and she is willing to do whatever it takes to help him succeed in his mission. Rupa is a strong and independent woman, and she is a valuable asset to Jeet.

Chomo Jung: A ruthless and cunning Chinese spy who is determined to steal the Panchen Lama's jewels. He is a formidable opponent for Jeet, and he is ultimately responsible for Jeet's injuries.

Pempemp Kachin: A beautiful Chinese spy who uses her wiles to achieve her ends. She is a skilled manipulator, and she is able to get close to Jeet and Rupa in order to learn their secrets.

The head lama of the Ragyabas monastery: A wise and benevolent man who is determined to protect the Panchen Lama's jewels from falling into the wrong hands. He is a valuable ally to Jeet and Rupa, and he provides them with important information about the jewels.

General Kaul: Jeet's superior officer in the Indian Military Intelligence. He is a demanding and sometimes ruthless man, but he is also a fair and just leader.

Brigadier Singh: A colleague of Jeet's in the Indian Military Intelligence. He is a loyal and trustworthy friend, and he is always willing to help Jeet in his missions.

The Tibetan agent: A man who has information about the location of the Ragyabas monastery. He is initially reluctant to help Jeet, but he is ultimately persuaded by Rupa's compassion.

About the author

Manohar Malgonkar (12 July 1913 – 14 June 2010) was an Indian author of both fiction and nonfiction in the English language. He was also an army officer, a big game hunter, a civil servant, a mine owner and a farmer.

Malgonkar was born in Jagalbet, near Londa in Belgaum district. From his maternal side, his great-grandfather had been governor of Gwalior State. He began his education in Belgaum. He later attended school in Dharwad and graduated from Mumbai University. After, he joined the army and rose to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in the Maratha Light Infantry. He retired from service at the age of 39. He also stood for parliament. Most of that activity was during the build-up to Indian independence and its aftermath, often the settings for his works.

Malgonkar's writing is known for its sharp wit, its vivid descriptions of India, and its exploration of complex themes such as nationalism, imperialism, and the Indian independence movement. He was a prolific writer, and his works include novels, short stories, essays, and biographies. Some of his most famous works include The Princes, A Bend in the Ganges, The Devil's Wind, and Spy in Amber.

Malgonkar was awarded the Padma Bhushan, India's third-highest civilian honor, in 1972. He was also a recipient of the Sahitya Akademi Award, India's highest literary honor, for his novel The Princes in 1963.

Malgonkar died in Pune, Maharashtra, on 14 June 2010, at the age of 96. He was survived by his wife, two sons, and a daughter.

Here are some of Malgonkar's most notable works:

The Princes (1963): A historical novel set in the princely states of India during the British Raj.

A Bend in the Ganges (1969): A historical novel set in India during the Indian independence movement.

The Devil's Wind (1972): A novel about the Indian army's campaign in the North-East Frontier Agency during the 1962 Sino-Indian War.

Spy in Amber (1977): A spy thriller set in India during the early 1960s.

Distant Drum (1960): A semi-autobiographical novel about Malgonkar's experiences in the Indian army.

Malgonkar's works are still widely read and enjoyed today. They are a valuable contribution to Indian literature, and they offer insights into the history, culture, and politics of India.

The Open Window by Saki (H.H. Munro)

The Open Window" is a short story written by Hector Hugh Munro, pen name Saki, a British author known for his wit and satirical style. Born in 1870, Saki's writing often delved into the absurdities and ironies of Edwardian society. His stories frequently featured clever plot twists and dark humor. "The Open Window," first published in 1911, is a prime example of Saki's unique storytelling prowess.

Summary:

The story revolves around Mr. Framton Nuttel, a nervous and somewhat gullible man who visits a rural English village to seek rest and relief from his stress and anxiety. Framton is introduced to Mrs. Sappleton by his sister, who believes that the young man would benefit from some fresh air and conversation. Mrs. Sappleton, a cheerful and welcoming woman, introduces Framton to her niece, Vera, a young girl with a penchant for imaginative storytelling.

As they engage in conversation, Vera spins a chilling tale about the tragic disappearance of Mrs. Sappleton's husband and her two younger brothers three years ago. According to Vera, the men went on a hunting trip and never returned, and Mrs. Sappleton remains in a state of denial, expecting them to return through the open window.

Framton becomes visibly uncomfortable with the eerie narrative and decides to change the topic. However, Vera cunningly perpetuates the suspense, hinting that she sees the ghosts of the deceased men approaching through the open window at that very moment. Disturbed, Framton glances outside and, to his horror, sees three figures walking toward the house.

Terrified, Framton hastily excuses himself and flees the house, convinced that he has witnessed ghosts. Meanwhile, Mrs. Sappleton, unaware of the reason behind his sudden departure, finds Vera's behavior puzzling. The story concludes with Vera explaining to her aunt how she fabricated the ghostly tale to amuse herself and alleviate her boredom.

Analysis of Characters:

1. Mr. Framton Nuttel: He is the protagonist of the story, a nervous and anxious man seeking solace in the countryside. Framton is depicted as gullible and easily swayed by Vera's imaginative storytelling. His reactions to Vera's ghost story, marked by terror and abrupt departure, serve to highlight his susceptibility to manipulation.

2. Mrs. Sappleton: She is the hostess of the house and appears to be a hospitable and amiable woman. Mrs. Sappleton becomes a victim of Vera's inventive tale, as she remains unaware of the ghost story unfolding within her own home. Her character adds to the humor and irony of the narrative.

3. Vera: The cunning and mischievous young girl is the mastermind behind the entire plot. She is skilled at weaving elaborate and fictional stories. Vera's deceptive nature and manipulation of Framton's emotions showcase her precociousness and knack for entertainment.

Explanation:

"The Open Window" explores themes of deception, credulity, and the power of storytelling. Saki masterfully crafts a tale within a tale, leading the readers on a journey of suspense and surprise. The story serves as a commentary on the human tendency to believe in the supernatural and highlights how imaginative storytelling can exploit these beliefs.

The character of Vera stands out as the embodiment of the story's central theme. She symbolizes the art of storytelling and its potential to manipulate emotions and perceptions. Her ability to fabricate a chilling ghost story on the spot and convincingly convey it to Framton demonstrates the power of fiction to affect human behaviour and choices.

Through Mr. Framton Nuttel, Saki portrays the vulnerability of individuals who are highly suggestible and prone to accepting supernatural narratives without questioning their veracity. Framton's flight from the house in terror emphasizes the influence of stories on human behavior, revealing the consequences of unchecked beliefs.

Overall, "The Open Window" is a cleverly constructed short story that blends humor, irony, and the supernatural. Saki's skilful narration and intriguing characters make this tale an enduring classic in the realm of short fiction, inviting readers to question the boundary between truth and fiction, reality, and imagination.

Science, Humanities and Religion by Dr. S. Radhakrishnan

Dr. S. Radhakrishnan was a prominent Indian philosopher, scholar, and statesman who served as the first Vice President of India (1952-1962) and the second President of India (1962-1967). He was a prolific writer and thinker, known for his deep insights into various subjects, including Science, Humanities, and Religion.  

Summary:

Science: Dr. S. Radhakrishnan believed that science and its advancements were essential for human progress and understanding the natural world. He emphasized the importance of scientific inquiry and the pursuit of knowledge through observation, experimentation, and empirical evidence. Science, in his view, could help humanity overcome ignorance and superstition, leading to the alleviation of suffering and the betterment of society.

Humanities: Radhakrishnan recognized the significance of the humanities in providing a comprehensive understanding of human culture, values, and history. He valued the study of literature, philosophy, art, and other disciplines that explored the human experience and shaped human thought. For him, the humanities were not only about acquiring knowledge but also about cultivating empathy, compassion, and a sense of shared humanity.

Religion: As a philosopher with a deep interest in comparative religion, Dr. Radhakrishnan believed in the universality of religious experience. He saw religions as different paths leading to the same truth, expressing the spiritual aspirations of humanity. Radhakrishnan advocated for a more tolerant and inclusive approach to religious diversity, where individuals could find common ground in their shared pursuit of spiritual fulfillment and moral values.

Analysis:

Synthesis of Science and Spirituality: Dr. S. Radhakrishnan's worldview was characterized by an attempt to bridge the gap between science and spirituality. While he recognized the significance of scientific inquiry, he also saw the importance of spiritual insights in comprehending the deeper dimensions of existence. For him, science and spirituality were not mutually exclusive but rather complementary aspects of the human quest for understanding.

Humanism and Ethics: Radhakrishnan's appreciation for the humanities and his belief in the universality of religious experience contributed to his humanistic approach to ethics. He emphasized the importance of moral values and ethical conduct in individual and societal life. His teachings encouraged people to embrace compassion, kindness, and a sense of responsibility towards others.

Interfaith Dialogue: One of the key aspects of Radhakrishnan's philosophy was his emphasis on interfaith dialogue and religious harmony. He believed that understanding and appreciating the various religious traditions could promote mutual respect and peaceful coexistence among different communities. His ideas on religious pluralism continue to be influential in contemporary discussions on tolerance and religious understanding.

Relevance in Modern Times: Dr. Radhakrishnan's thoughts on Science, Humanities, and Religion remain relevant in the modern context. As scientific advancements continue to shape our world, his call for integrating science with spirituality reminds us of the importance of ethical considerations in the pursuit of progress. Moreover, his emphasis on the humanities highlights the value of cultural and historical knowledge in shaping our identities and values.

In conclusion, Dr. S. Radhakrishnan's reflections on Science, Humanities, and Religion demonstrate his holistic and inclusive approach to understanding the world and human existence. His ideas continue to inspire discussions on the relationship between science and spirituality, the significance of the humanities, and the promotion of religious tolerance and harmony.

The Lotus by Toru Dutt

 

Toru Dutt (1856-1877) was an Indian poet who was born in Calcutta, India. She was the daughter of a Bengali father and an English mother. Dutt was educated in both English and Bengali, and she was fluent in both languages. She began writing poetry at a young age, and her work was published in both English and Bengali journals.

Dutt's poetry is often concerned with Indian culture and tradition. She was a keen student of Indian mythology and history, and she often drew inspiration from these sources in her poetry. Dutt's poetry is also notable for its use of imagery and symbolism. She was a master of using language to create vivid pictures and to convey complex ideas.

POEM:

Love came to Flora asking for a flower

That would of flowers be undisputed queen,

The lily and the rose, long, long had been

Rivals for that high honour. Bards of power

Had sung their claims. “The rose can never tower

Like the pale lily with her Juno mien”-

“But is the lily lovelier?” Thus between

Flower-factions rang the strife in Psyche’s bower.

“Give me a flower delicious as the rose

And stately as the lily in her pride”-

“But of what colour?”- “Rose-red,” Love first chose,

Then prayed, -“No, lily-white,-or, both provide”;

And Flora gave the lotus, “rose-red” dyed,

And “lily-white,”- the queenliest flower that blows.

Summary and analysis of "The Lotus"

The poem "The Lotus" is a sonnet that tells the story of how the lotus came to be. The poem begins with a description of the rivalry between the rose and the lily, two of the most beautiful flowers in the world. Both flowers are praised by poets and minstrels, but they cannot agree on which one is the most beautiful.

Love, the god of love, is tired of the dispute between the rose and the lily. He goes to Flora, the goddess of flowers, and asks her to create a new flower that will be the undisputed queen of flowers. Flora agrees, and she creates the lotus.

The lotus is a beautiful flower that combines the best qualities of the rose and the lily. It is as red as the rose, but it is also as white as the lily. It is also fragrant and stately.

The lotus is a symbol of beauty, purity, and enlightenment. It is a flower that grows in muddy water, but it rises above the water to bloom in the sunlight. This symbolizes the ability of the human spirit to rise above the impurities of the world and achieve enlightenment.

The poem "The Lotus" is a celebration of Indian culture. The lotus is a sacred flower in Hinduism, and it is often associated with the goddess Lakshmi. The poem's use of the lotus as a symbol of beauty and purity reflects Dutt's own Indian heritage.

The poem is also a statement of Dutt's belief in the power of love. Love is the force that created the lotus, and it is the force that can unite people from different cultures. The poem's message of love and unity is as relevant today as it was when it was written over a century ago.

Here is a quotation from the poem that captures the poem's message of love and unity:

                "And Flora gave the lotus, rose-red dyed,

                And lily-white,--the queenliest flower that blows."

This quotation shows how the lotus is a symbol of love and unity. It is a flower that is born of both the rose and the lily, two flowers that are often seen as rivals. The lotus's beauty and purity show that love can overcome even the most bitter rivalries.

Conclusion

"The Lotus" is a beautiful and thought-provoking poem that celebrates Indian culture and the power of love. The poem's use of imagery, symbolism, and language creates a rich and complex meaning that is still relevant today.

Inspection Episode-Examination from Part I Childhood–M.K.Gandhi Autobiography

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, also known as Mahatma Gandhi, was a leader of the Indian independence movement against British rule. He employed nonviolent civil disobedience as a means to achieve his goals.

In Part I of his Autobiography, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (also known as Mahatma Gandhi) recounts his childhood and early life. He was born in Porbandar, Gujarat, India, in 1869, into a Hindu merchant family. His father, Karamchand Gandhi, was the Dewan (prime minister) of Porbandar, and his mother, Putlibai, was a devoutly religious woman.

Gandhi's childhood was marked by a number of important events and influences. He was exposed to a variety of religious traditions, including Hinduism, Jainism, and Islam. He also learned the importance of nonviolence and vegetarianism from his mother.

In 1887, Gandhi went to England to study law. He returned to India in 1891 and began practicing law in Bombay. However, he soon became involved in the struggle for Indian independence. He also began to experiment with different forms of nonviolent protest, including boycotts, strikes, and civil disobedience.

Part I of Gandhi's Autobiography provides a glimpse into the early life of one of the most important figures in Indian history. It also offers insights into his development as a thinker and a leader.

Gandhi was a shy and introverted child who avoided all company. He was so afraid of being made fun of that he would literally run home after school. One day, during his first year at high school, the Educational Inspector, Mr. Giles, came on a visit of inspection. He set the students a spelling exercise, and one of the words was "kettle." Gandhi mis-spelled the word, and the teacher tried to prompt him with the point of his boot. However, Gandhi refused to be prompted, because he thought that the teacher was there to supervise against copying.

The teacher was furious, and he accused Gandhi of being lazy and of not paying attention. Gandhi tried to explain that he had simply misread the word, but the teacher would not listen. He gave Gandhi a failing grade on the spelling exercise, and Gandhi was humiliated.

This incident had a profound impact on Gandhi. It made him realize that he needed to be more assertive and to stand up for himself. It also taught him the importance of truth and integrity. He vowed that he would never again allow himself to be bullied or taken advantage of.

This incident is a valuable example of Gandhi's early development as a person. It shows his commitment to truth and integrity, even in the face of adversity. It also shows his willingness to stand up for himself and to fight for what he believes in. These qualities would later become essential to his work as a leader and a social reformer.

Here are some additional thoughts on the Inspection Episode-Examination:

The incident shows the importance of education. Gandhi's inability to spell the word "kettle" was not due to a lack of intelligence, but rather to a lack of attention. This incident highlights the importance of paying attention in school, and of learning the basics of spelling and grammar.

The incident also shows the importance of self-confidence. Gandhi was so afraid of being made fun of that he would literally run home after school. This incident shows the importance of developing self-confidence, and of not being afraid to stand up for yourself.

Finally, the incident shows the importance of truth and integrity. Gandhi refused to be prompted by the teacher, even though it would have meant getting a passing grade on the spelling exercise. This incident shows Gandhi's commitment to truth and integrity, even in the face of pressure.

"India Through Traveller's Eyes," an excerpt from "My Several Worlds," by Pearl S. Buck

Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973) was an American author who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1938. She is best known for her novels of life in China, including The Good Earth (1931), which won the Pulitzer Prize. Buck was born in West Virginia to missionary parents, and she spent most of her childhood in China. She was fluent in Chinese, and she drew on her experiences in China to write her novels.

In "India Through Traveller's Eyes," an excerpt from "My Several Worlds,"  Pearl S. Buck shares her personal experiences and feelings about her visit to India. She expresses her profound fondness and admiration for the Indian people.

During her trip, the primary purpose for the author was not merely to visit famous historical landmarks like the Taj Mahal or Fatehpur Sikri, although she did see them. Instead, her main focus was to engage with two specific groups of people: the young intellectuals in cities and the peasants in villages.

In the cities, she met with young intellectuals in a small room and listened to their aspirations for freedom. However, she also noted their anger and disappointment because England had failed to fulfill its promise of restoring India after World War I. These intellectuals were restless and had plans to rebel against England during World War II.

When the author visited rural India, she was deeply disturbed by the pitiable condition of the peasants. She found their situation to be even worse than that of Chinese peasants, and the only comparable hardship she could recall was that of Russian peasants under the rule of the Czar.

Despite the challenging circumstances, the author was enamoured by Indian culture. She found the joint family life of villagers captivating, witnessing the deep respect everyone had for the head of the household, irrespective of his physical abilities.

According to the writer, true leaders for the Indian people should be selfless individuals, possessing honesty, integrity, and trustworthiness. The Indians held great respect for such leaders.

In this way, Buck paints a vivid picture of India as she perceived it, displaying her profound love and affection for the Indian people.

Buck was a complex and controversial figure. She was praised for her literary achievements, but she was also criticized for her views on race and adoption. However, there is no doubt that she was a significant figure in American literature and culture.

The Admirable Crichton by J.M. Barrie

The play opens at Loam House, the country estate of Lord Loam, a wealthy and progressive aristocrat. Lord Loam is a believer in the equality of all people, regardless of social class. His butler, Crichton, is a highly skilled and capable man who is also a firm believer in the class system.

One day, Lord Loam and his family, along with Crichton and the rest of the servants, are shipwrecked on a desert island. On the island, all of the social conventions of the outside world are stripped away. The aristocrats are forced to fend for themselves, and they quickly realize that they are not as capable as they thought they were.

Crichton, on the other hand, thrives on the island. He uses his skills and knowledge to build a shelter, find food, and keep the group alive. He also proves to be a natural leader, and the other castaways soon look to him for guidance.

As the play progresses, Crichton's leadership becomes increasingly evident. He is not only able to keep the group alive, but he is also able to create a sense of community and order on the island. The aristocrats, who were once so proud of their social status, come to realize that Crichton is the true leader of the group.

In the end, the castaways are rescued, and they return to England. However, they are not the same people they were when they left. Crichton, in particular, has changed. He has learned that he is capable of more than he ever thought possible, and he has no desire to return to his old life of servitude.

The Admirable Crichton is a play about the nature of class and leadership. It asks the question: what makes a good leader? Is it social status or personal qualities? The play suggests that it is the latter. Crichton, a humble butler, proves to be a better leader than Lord Loam, a wealthy aristocrat. This suggests that leadership is not about social status, but about personal qualities such as intelligence, competence, and compassion.

The play also explores the idea of the noble savage. Crichton is able to thrive on the island because he is able to tap into his primal instincts. He is not afraid to get dirty or to work hard. He is also able to cooperate with the other castaways and to put the needs of the group ahead of his own.

The Admirable Crichton is a thought-provoking play that raises important questions about class, leadership, and the nature of humanity. It is a play that is still relevant today, and it is sure to continue to be enjoyed by audiences for many years to come.

Act One summary

Act One opens at Loam House, the country estate of Lord Loam, a wealthy and progressive aristocrat. Lord Loam is a believer in the equality of all people, regardless of social class. His butler, Crichton, is a highly skilled and capable man who is also a firm believer in the class system.

The play begins with Lord Loam hosting a tea party for his family and friends. Lord Loam is keen to demonstrate his belief in equality by having the servants serve the tea and mingle with the guests. However, this experiment proves to be a disaster. The servants are embarrassed and uncomfortable, and the guests are awkward and patronizing.

The scene then shifts to the drawing room, where Lord Loam is discussing his plans for the future. Lord Loam wants to create a utopian society where all people are equal. He believes that this can be achieved by abolishing the class system and giving everyone the same opportunities.

Crichton is appalled by Lord Loam's ideas. He believes that the class system is essential for a well-functioning society. He argues that people are naturally unequal, and that some people are simply better suited to lead than others.

Lord Loam and Crichton continue to argue about the nature of society. Lord Loam believes that people can be made equal through education and opportunity. Crichton believes that people are born unequal, and that any attempt to change that will only lead to chaos and disorder.

The scene ends with Lord Loam and Crichton agreeing to disagree. Lord Loam vows to continue to work towards his goal of creating a utopian society, while Crichton vows to do his best to uphold the class system.

The first act of The Admirable Crichton sets the stage for the rest of the play. It introduces the characters and their opposing views on the nature of society. It also raises the question of whether or not it is possible to create a truly equal society.

The first act is also notable for its humor. The scene with the tea party is particularly funny, as it highlights the awkwardness of trying to mix people of different social classes. The play's humor helps to make it more accessible to a wide audience.

Overall, the first act of The Admirable Crichton is a strong and well-crafted introduction to the play. It introduces the characters, the conflict, and the themes of the play. It is also a funny and entertaining introduction to Barrie's unique brand of social commentary.

Act Two summary

Act Two opens with the scene of the shipwreck. Lord Loam, his family and friends, and Crichton and the rest of the servants are all washed up on a deserted island. The island is lush and tropical, but it is also wild and dangerous.

The castaways are initially shocked and confused. They have no idea where they are or how they are going to survive. However, Crichton quickly takes charge. He organizes the castaways and sets them to work building shelter, finding food, and gathering water.

Crichton's leadership is soon evident. He is not only able to keep the castaways alive, but he is also able to create a sense of community and order on the island. The aristocrats, who were once so proud of their social status, come to realize that Crichton is the true leader of the group.

The castaways spend several months on the island. During this time, they learn to rely on each other and to put aside their differences. They also come to appreciate Crichton's leadership and his ability to make the best of a difficult situation.

In the end, the castaways are rescued and returned to England. However, they are not the same people they were when they left. They have learned that they are capable of more than they ever thought possible, and they have a new appreciation for each other and for the value of hard work.

Act Two of The Admirable Crichton is a more dramatic and action-packed than Act One. The shipwreck provides a new setting and a new set of challenges for the characters. It also allows Barrie to explore the theme of leadership in more depth.

In Act Two, Crichton proves to be a natural leader. He is able to keep the castaways alive and to create a sense of community and order on the island. This challenges the traditional view of the butler as a subservient figure.

The castaways' experience on the island also challenges their traditional notions of class. They come to realize that they are all capable of hard work and that they are all equal in the face of danger. This experience changes them and makes them more humble.

Act Two of The Admirable Crichton is a powerful and thought-provoking play. It explores the themes of leadership, class, and the nature of humanity. It is a play that is still relevant today and is sure to continue to be enjoyed by audiences for many years to come.

Act Three summary

Act Three opens two years after the shipwreck. The castaways have been rescued and returned to England. However, they have not returned to their old lives. They have been changed by their experience on the island, and they are no longer content with the old order of things.

Lord Loam is still a believer in equality, but he has a new appreciation for the importance of class. He realizes that the castaways were able to survive on the island because they each had their own roles to play. He also realizes that Crichton is a natural leader, and that he is the best person to lead the family back to England.

Crichton is reluctant to return to England. He has grown to love life on the island, and he does not want to give up his newfound freedom. However, he knows that he has a duty to his family, and he agrees to return with them.

The castaways return to England in a state of high excitement. They are eager to see their old friends and family, and they are eager to share their stories of adventure. However, they are soon met with a cold reception. Their old friends and family are not interested in their stories, and they are even less interested in their new ideas about equality.

The castaways are disappointed and disillusioned. They realize that the world they left behind is not ready for them. They are forced to return to their old lives, but they are never quite the same.

Act Three of The Admirable Crichton is a bittersweet conclusion to the play. The castaways have returned to England, but they have not found the happiness they were hoping for. They have learned that the world is a complicated place, and that there is no easy answer to the question of equality.

However, the castaways have also learned that they are stronger and more resilient than they ever thought possible. They have faced adversity and survived, and they have come out the other side changed people.

Act Three is a powerful and thought-provoking conclusion to the play. It explores the themes of equality, class, and the nature of humanity. It is a play that is still relevant today, and it is sure to continue to be enjoyed by audiences for many years to come.

Act Foursummary

Act Four is set some months after the castaways' return to England. The play opens with Lord Loam giving a speech at a dinner party. In his speech, Lord Loam talks about his experiences on the island and his new-found belief in the importance of class. He also talks about his admiration for Crichton, who he believes is a natural leader.

After Lord Loam's speech, the other guests begin to discuss their own experiences on the island. They all agree that the island experience changed them, and that they are no longer the same people they were before.

The conversation then turns to Crichton. The guests all agree that Crichton is a remarkable man, and that he is a natural leader. However, they also acknowledge that he is a servant, and that he cannot be their equal.

Crichton enters the room at this point, and he overhears the conversation. He is hurt by the guests' words, and he is disappointed that they do not see him as their equal.

Crichton then gives a speech of his own. In his speech, Crichton talks about his love for the island and his gratitude for the opportunity to have led the castaways. He also talks about his new-found sense of self-worth, and his belief that he is capable of anything he sets his mind to.

Crichton's speech leaves the guests stunned. They realize that they have underestimated him, and they begin to see him in a new light.

The play ends with Crichton leaving the house. He is not sure what the future holds, but he is confident that he can find his place in the world.

Act Four of The Admirable Crichton is a powerful and thought-provoking conclusion to the play. It explores the themes of equality, class, and the nature of humanity. It is a play that is still relevant today, and it is sure to continue to be enjoyed by audiences for many years to come.

These are the main points to remember from Act Four:

The play explores the theme of equality. The castaways on the island are forced to work together and to rely on each other, regardless of their social class. This experience teaches them that all people are equal, and that they are all capable of doing great things.

The play also explores the theme of class. The guests at Lord Loam's dinner party are reluctant to accept Crichton as their equal. They believe that he is a servant, and that he cannot be their equal. However, the play suggests that class is not an inherent quality, but rather a social construct. Crichton proves that he is just as capable as any of the guests, and that he deserves to be treated as an equal.

Finally, the play explores the nature of humanity. The castaways on the island are forced to confront their own inner strength and resilience. They learn that they are capable of more than they ever thought possible, and that they are capable of surviving even in the most difficult of circumstances.

Act Four is a powerful and thought-provoking conclusion to the play. It leaves the audience with much to think about, and it challenges them to consider their own beliefs about equality, class, and the nature of humanity.

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day by William Shakespeare

 

William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was an English playwright, poet, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's greatest dramatist. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon".

Sonnet 18, also known as "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?", is one of William Shakespeare's most famous and beloved sonnets. The poem is a tribute to the beauty of the speaker's beloved and explores the theme of immortalizing beauty through poetry.

In the opening lines, the speaker contemplates whether they should compare the beloved to a summer's day, a common poetic device for praising beauty. However, the speaker immediately rejects this idea, stating that the beloved is "more lovely and more temperate" than a summer's day, highlighting the beloved's superior beauty and character.

The sonnet then delves into the shortcomings of a summer's day. The speaker describes how rough winds can shake the delicate buds of May, and how summer's lease, or its time, is too short-lived. These natural imperfections are used to contrast the beloved's beauty, which is depicted as timeless and constant.

Continuing with this comparison, the speaker notes that sometimes the sun shines too hot, and its "gold complexion" is dimmed by clouds. Similarly, all things beautiful in nature eventually decline due to chance or the changing course of nature. In contrast, the beloved's beauty remains untouched and unblemished by time and its inevitable changes.

The poem takes a significant turn in the latter part, where the speaker reassures the beloved that their beauty will not fade. The beloved's "eternal summer" will not lose its beauty nor will it be claimed by Death's shadow. The speaker emphasizes that the beloved's beauty will live on forever.

The reason for this immortality lies in the power of poetry itself. The speaker declares that as long as this sonnet exists and is read by others, the beloved's beauty will live on through its lines. Through the art of poetry, the beloved achieves a form of everlasting existence, defying the passage of time and the clutches of mortality.

In the closing couplet, the poem underscores this idea. It states that as long as there are people to read and appreciate this sonnet, the beloved's beauty will be preserved and will continue to live on.

Overall, Sonnet 18 is a profound expression of admiration for the beloved's beauty and a celebration of the immortality that poetry can confer upon that beauty. It captivates readers with its vivid imagery, powerful language, and timeless themes, making it one of the most cherished and iconic sonnets ever written by William Shakespeare.

Let's break down the sonnet and analyze its various components:

Sonnet 18: Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? (Line 1)

Thou art more lovely and more temperate: (Line 2)

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, (Line 3)

And summer's lease hath all too short a date: (Line 4)

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, (Line 5)

And often is his gold complexion dimmed; (Line 6)

And every fair from fair sometime declines, (Line 7)

By chance or nature's changing course untrimmed; (Line 8)

But thy eternal summer shall not fade (Line 9)

Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; (Line 10)

Nor shall Death brag thou wanderest in his shade, (Line 11)

When in eternal lines to time thou growest: (Line 12)

    So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, (Line 13)

    So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. (Line 14)

Analysis:

Comparison and Compliment: The poem opens with the speaker contemplating whether to compare the beloved to a summer's day. He immediately dismisses the idea, stating that the beloved is "more lovely and more temperate." Here, the speaker establishes that the beloved is far superior to a mere seasonal comparison.

Nature's Imperfections: The following lines (3-8) draw a contrast between the beloved's beauty and the imperfections of nature. The rough winds and the transient nature of summer are used as metaphors to illustrate the fleeting and changeable aspects of beauty found in the natural world.

Eternal Beauty: In lines 9-12, the speaker declares that the beloved's beauty will never fade or be lost to time. By using the phrase "eternal summer," the speaker suggests that the beloved's beauty will remain forever young and vibrant, unlike the passing seasons.

Immortality through Poetry: The sonnet takes a turn in lines 11-12, where the speaker addresses the idea of mortality and the fear of death. The speaker assures the beloved that even death cannot claim them because their beauty will live on in the lines of this poem. This is a powerful notion of achieving immortality through art and poetry.

Timelessness of the Sonnet: The closing couplet (lines 13-14) emphasizes the everlasting nature of the sonnet itself. The poem declares that as long as there are people to read and appreciate it, the beloved's beauty will live on through the words of this sonnet.

Themes: Some of the prominent themes explored in Sonnet 18 include the immortality of poetry, the transient nature of beauty, the power of art to preserve beauty, and the speaker's profound admiration for the beloved.

Imagery and Language: Shakespeare's use of vivid imagery, metaphors, and personification enriches the sonnet. The contrasting elements of summer and the beloved's beauty, the "eye of heaven" representing the sun, and "eternal lines" symbolizing the poem itself contribute to the sonnet's depth and beauty.

Overall, Sonnet 18 is a timeless tribute to the eternal beauty of the beloved and the power of poetry to immortalize that beauty. Its eloquent expression of admiration and its exploration of life's impermanence continue to resonate with readers across centuries, making it one of Shakespeare's most celebrated and enduring works.

Line-by-line analysis of Sonnet 18:

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?

The speaker begins by asking a rhetorical question. He is not really asking if he should compare his beloved to a summer's day, but is instead stating that he will indeed make the comparison.

Thou art more lovely and more temperate:

The speaker compares his beloved's beauty to a summer's day, but he notes that his beloved is more lovely and more temperate. A summer's day can be hot and stormy, but his beloved is always mild and gentle.

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,

The speaker continues to compare his beloved to a summer's day, but he notes that a summer's day is not always perfect. The wind can shake the delicate buds of May, but his beloved's beauty is never shaken.

And summer's lease hath all too short a date:

The speaker reminds us that summer is a fleeting season. It comes and goes quickly, and it is always followed by winter. However, the speaker's love for his beloved will never fade.

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,

The speaker continues to remind us that summer is not always perfect. Sometimes the sun shines too hot, and the heat can be oppressive. However, his beloved's beauty is always refreshing and cool.

And often is his gold complexion dimmed;

The speaker also notes that the sun's beauty can be dimmed by clouds. However, his beloved's beauty is always clear and bright.

And every pelting storm shakes him from his sphere:

The speaker reminds us that the sun is not always in control of its own destiny. It can be shaken from its sphere by storms. However, his beloved is always in control of his own destiny.

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

The speaker now turns to the central theme of the sonnet, which is the power of poetry to preserve beauty. He says that his beloved's beauty will never fade, because he has captured it in his poem.

Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest;

The speaker's poem will keep his beloved's beauty alive for all time. No matter what happens, the beauty of his beloved will never be lost.

Nor shall death brag thou wand'rest in his shade,

Death cannot claim the beloved, because the beloved's beauty is immortal. It will live on forever in the speaker's poem.

When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st:

The speaker's poem will ensure that the beloved's beauty will be remembered for all time. It will grow into an eternal line that will be read by future generations.

So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,

The speaker's poem will live on as long as there are people to read it. It will be a testament to the beloved's beauty, and it will keep the beloved's memory alive for all time.

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

The speaker's poem is a gift to the beloved. It is a way for him to immortalize the beloved's beauty and keep the beloved's memory alive.

The Gold Frame by R. K. Laxman

Introduction

Rasipuram Krishnaswami Laxman (24 October 1921 – 26 January 2015) was an Indian cartoonist, illustrator, and humorist. He is best known for his creation The Common Man and for his daily cartoon strip, You Said It in The Times of India, which started in 1951.

Laxman's cartoons were widely popular in India, and he was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1968 and the Padma Vibhushan in 2005 for his contributions to art and literature. He retired from The Times of India in 2006, but he continued to draw cartoons for other publications until his death in 2015.

Introduction

R.K. Lakman was a master of the short story. His stories are often humorous and deal with everyday life in India. In "The Gold Frame," Lakman tells the story of a frame maker who accidentally damages a customer's photo. The frame maker is panic-stricken, but he comes up with a clever plan to substitute the damaged photo with another one. The customer, however, does not notice that the photo has been switched. He only complains that the frame is the wrong shape.

This story is a reminder that we often focus on the superficial aspects of things and fail to see the deeper meaning. The customer is so concerned with the shape of the frame that he does not even notice that the photo has been changed. This is a lesson that we can all learn from. We should not judge things based on their appearance alone. We should take the time to look deeper and see the true value of things.

Summary

Datta was the owner of a small shop called The Modern Frame Works. He used to put pictures into frames. One day a customer came to Datta’s shop with a faded picture of an elderly person. He demands that the best frame be used and chooses an imported German frame with an oval cut mount.

Later, however, Datta accidentally drops a tin of enamel paint over the photo. The photo is completely damaged. Datta is panic-stricken. He does not know what to do. As he looks around in dismay, an idea takes shape in Datta’s mind. He plans to substitute the damaged photo with another photo, which is somewhat similar. He finds a suitable photo for this purpose and puts it in a dazzling gold frame.

The customer arrives and asks if the work has been completed. Datta slowly removes the cover and hands over the photo. The customer looks at it. He shouts in anger, “What have you done?” Datta fears the worst. He thinks that his deception has been noticed. The customer continues shouting that while he had asked for an oval frame, Datta had used a square one!

Datta realizes then that the customer had not noticed that the photo itself was different. He had merely objected to the frame. He is relieved, as he knows that, at the most, he might have to change the frame.

Conclusion

This story teaches us a valuable lesson about the importance of appearances. The customer was so focused on the shape of the frame that he did not even notice that the photo had been changed. This is a reminder that we should not judge things based on their appearance alone. We should take the time to look deeper and see the true value of things.

Love Cycle by Chinua Achebe

Author Introduction

Chinua Achebe (1930-2013) was a Nigerian novelist, poet, and essayist. He is best known for his novel Things Fall Apart (1958), which is considered one of the greatest novels ever written in English. Achebe's work explores the themes of colonialism, identity, and the African experience.

Summary

The poem "Love Cycle" by Chinua Achebe compares the relationship between the sun and the earth to a human love relationship. The poem begins with the sun withdrawing its "long misty arms of embrace" from the earth at dawn. The earth is left "perfumed in dewdrop fragrance" and "wakes to whispers of soft-eyed light." The sun's departure is compared to the aftermath of dispassionate sex between a couple.

The sun then "wears out his temper ploughing the vast acres of heaven" and takes it out on the earth in "burning darts of anger." The earth endures the sun's harshness, like a woman who is dissatisfied with her partner but remains in the relationship for reasons of her own.

Towards the end of the poem, the speaker speculates on why the earth continues to stay in a relationship with the sun. The speaker suggests that the earth may be drawn to the sun's "great power" and "magnificent beauty." The earth may also be hopeful that the sun will eventually change its ways and become a more loving and gentle partner.

Analysis

The poem "Love Cycle" is a metaphor for the complex and often contradictory nature of love. The sun represents the passionate and destructive aspects of love, while the earth represents the patient and enduring aspects of love. The poem suggests that love is a cycle that repeats itself, with periods of passion and anger alternating with periods of patience and endurance.

The poem also explores the theme of hope. The earth remains in a relationship with the sun even though it is often mistreated, because it is hopeful that the sun will eventually change its ways. This suggests that even in the most difficult relationships, there is always hope for a better future.

Themes

The poem "Love Cycle" explores the following themes:

The complex and contradictory nature of love

The power of hope

The importance of patience and endurance

Style

The poem is written in free verse, which means that it does not follow a strict rhyme scheme or meter. This allows the poet to express the natural and unpredictable rhythms of love. The poem is also full of vivid imagery, which helps to bring the reader into the world of the poem.

Conclusion

"Love Cycle" is a powerful and moving poem that explores the many aspects of love. The poem is a reminder that love is a complex and unpredictable emotion, but it is also an emotion that is worth fighting for.

Text

At dawn slowly

the sun withdraws his

long misty arms of

embrace. Happy lovers

whose exertions leave

no aftertaste nor slush

of love’s combustion; Earth

perfumed in dewdrop

fragrance wakes

to whispers of

soft-eyed light…

Later he

will wear out his temper

ploughing the vast acres

of heaven and take it

out of her in burning

darts of anger. Long

accustomed to such caprice

she waits patiently

for evening when thoughts

of another night will

restore his mellowness

and her power

over him.

From:  1971, Beware Soul Brother and Other Poems

Copyright ©:  Christmas in Biafra and other Poems

Uncle Podger Hangs a Picture by Jerome K. Jerome

 

Author introduction

Jerome K. Jerome (1859-1927) was an English writer and humorist. He is best known for his humorous essays and short stories, including "Three Men in a Boat," "The Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow," and "Uncle Podger Hangs a Picture."

Summary

The story of "Uncle Podger Hangs a Picture" is a humorous account of a man's attempt to hang a picture on the wall. Uncle Podger is a well-intentioned but incompetent man who makes a complete mess of the job. He starts by taking off his coat and rolling up his sleeves, as if he were about to undertake a major project. He then orders everyone in the household to help him, including his wife, Aunt Podger, his children, and the maid.

Uncle Podger begins by measuring the height of the picture and marking the spot on the wall where he wants to hang it. He then gets a ladder and climbs up to the spot. However, the ladder is wobbly, and Uncle Podger has to hold on to the wall for support. He tries to hammer in a nail, but he misses the mark and hits his thumb instead. He then drops the hammer, which rolls out of reach.

At this point, Aunt Podger tells Uncle Podger to come down from the ladder and let her do it. But Uncle Podger is determined to finish the job himself. He climbs back up the ladder and tries to hammer in the nail again. This time, he succeeds, but the nail is crooked. Uncle Podger tries to straighten it out, but he only makes it worse.

The picture is now hanging crookedly on the wall, and Uncle Podger is starting to get frustrated. He orders everyone to move away so that he can have some space. He then tries to hammer the nail straight, but he misses the mark again and hits his thumb again. This time, he hits it so hard that he breaks his nail.

Uncle Podger is now in a lot of pain. He climbs down from the ladder and sits down in a chair. He tells Aunt Podger that he is going to give up and let her do it. Aunt Podger finishes hanging the picture, and everyone is relieved that it is finally over.

Analysis

The story of "Uncle Podger Hangs a Picture" is a humorous look at the dangers of overconfidence and the importance of being prepared. Uncle Podger is a well-intentioned man who is confident in his abilities. However, he is also careless and disorganized. He starts the job without making sure that he has all the necessary tools and materials. He also fails to plan ahead, which leads to a series of mishaps.

The story is also a reminder of the importance of teamwork. Uncle Podger could have easily hung the picture by himself if he had been more organized and careful. However, his mistakes and clumsiness led to a lot of chaos and frustration. In the end, it was Aunt Podger who had to step in and finish the job.

The story of "Uncle Podger Hangs a Picture" is a classic example of Jerome K. Jerome's humor. It is a funny and heartwarming story that will leave you laughing out loud.

A Nation's Strength by William Ralph Emerson

Introduction to William Ralph Emerson

William Ralph Emerson (1833-1917) was an American architect and the second cousin of Ralph Waldo Emerson, one of America's most famous poets and essayists. William Ralph Emerson was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and studied architecture at Harvard University. He worked as an architect in Boston for many years, and he designed several of the first buildings for the National Zoo in Washington, D.C. He died in Milton, Massachusetts, in 1917.

Summary of "A Nation's Strength"

In the poem "A Nation's Strength," William Ralph Emerson asks what makes a nation great and strong. He dismisses the traditional notions that gold, the sword, or pride are the keys to national greatness. Instead, he argues that it is the people of a nation who make it great and strong. He writes:

            "Not gold but only men can make

            A people great and strong;

            Men who for truth and honor's sake

            Stand fast and suffer long."

Emerson goes on to describe the qualities of the men who make a nation great. These are men who are brave, hardworking, and dedicated to truth and honor. They are men who are willing to stand up for what they believe in, even when it is difficult. They are men who are willing to sacrifice their own comfort and well-being for the good of their country.

Analysis of "A Nation's Strength"

The poem "A Nation's Strength" is a powerful reminder that the true strength of a nation lies in its people. A nation can have all the gold and power in the world, but if its people are not strong and virtuous, it will not last. Emerson's poem is a call to action for all of us to live our lives in a way that makes our nation stronger.

Thematic Elements

The poem "A Nation's Strength" explores the themes of patriotism, courage, and sacrifice. Emerson argues that the true strength of a nation lies in its people, and that it is the people who make a nation great and strong. He calls on all of us to live our lives in a way that makes our nation stronger.

Style

The poem "A Nation's Strength" is written in a simple and direct style. Emerson uses clear and concise language to communicate his message. The poem is also very rhythmic, which helps to create a sense of power and strength. The poem is a six-stanza poem, each stanza having four lines. The poem follows the rhyme scheme abab, which is also called alternate rhyme. In the following example, the first line rhymes with the third while the second line rhymes with the fourth.

                What makes a nation's pillars high

                And its foundations strong?

                What makes it mighty to defy

                The foes that round it throng?

Conclusion

"A Nation's Strength" is a powerful and inspiring poem that reminds us of the importance of patriotism, courage, and sacrifice. It is a poem that is sure to resonate with anyone who cares about the future of their country.

Text

What makes a nation's pillars high

And its foundations strong?

What makes it mighty to defy

The foes that round it throng?

It is not gold. Its kingdoms grand

Go down in battle shock;

Its shafts are laid on sinking sand,

Not on abiding rock.

Is it the sword? Ask the red dust

Of empires passed away;

The blood has turned their stones to rust,

Their glory to decay.

And is it pride? Ah, that bright crown

Has seemed to nations sweet;

But God has struck its luster down

In ashes at his feet.

Not gold but only men can make

A people great and strong;

Men who for truth and honor's sake

Stand fast and suffer long.

Brave men who work while others sleep,

Who dare while others fly...

They build a nation's pillars deep

And lift them to the sky.

"A Nation's Strength" first appeared in Our Little Kings and Queens at Home and at School (Louis Benham & Co., 1891). This poem is in the public domain.

How I Taught My Grandmother to Read by Sudha Murthy

Introduction

The story "How I Taught My Grandmother to Read" is about how the author, Sudha Murthy, taught her grandmother to read. The author's grandmother was illiterate and had never gone to school. However, she was very intelligent and had a strong desire to learn. When the author was twelve years old, she started teaching her grandmother to read. The grandmother was a quick learner and soon she was able to read simple words and sentences. The author was very proud of her grandmother and she was happy that she had been able to help her achieve her goal.

Summary

The story is set in a small village in Karnataka, India. The narrator, who is about twelve years old, lives with her grandparents. Her grandmother is illiterate, but she has a strong desire to learn to read. One day, the narrator's grandmother tells her that she wants to learn to read the novel "Kashi Yatre" by Triveni. The narrator agrees to teach her grandmother how to read.

The narrator starts by teaching her grandmother the alphabet and simple words. Her grandmother is a quick learner and soon she is able to read simple sentences. The narrator is very proud of her grandmother and she is happy that she has been able to help her achieve her goal.

The grandmother is so excited about her new ability to read that she starts reading everything she can get her hands on. She reads newspapers, magazines, and even books that she doesn't understand. The narrator is amused by her grandmother's enthusiasm and she is glad that she has been able to open up a whole new world of knowledge to her.

On the day of Saraswati Puja, the grandmother gives the narrator a gift. It is a piece of material for a new frock. The grandmother tells the narrator that she is giving her the gift as a token of her appreciation for teaching her how to read. The narrator is touched by her grandmother's gesture and she is proud of the role she has played in helping her grandmother achieve her dream.

The story ends with the narrator reflecting on the importance of education. She says that education is a gift that can open up new possibilities for us in life. It can help us to understand the world around us and to make informed decisions. The narrator is grateful that she was able to help her grandmother learn to read and she hopes that her story will inspire others to never give up on their dreams.

Additional details about the story:

The grandmother's name is Krishtakka.

The novel "Kashi Yatre" is about an old woman who wants to go to Kashi, a holy city in India.

The narrator's name is not revealed in the story.

The story takes place in the early 1960s.

Analysis

The story of "How I Taught My Grandmother to Read" is a heartwarming tale of the power of education and the importance of never giving up on your dreams. The grandmother in the story is a shining example of the fact that it is never too late to learn. She was able to achieve her goal of learning to read at the age of sixty-two, thanks to the help of her granddaughter.

The story also teaches us the importance of family and community. The author's grandmother was supported by her entire family in her quest to learn to read. Her children and grandchildren were all very proud of her and they encouraged her every step of the way. The story shows the power of love and support to help us achieve our goals.

Central Idea

The central idea of the story is that education is a powerful tool that can help us achieve our goals, regardless of our age or circumstances. The grandmother in the story was able to achieve her dream of learning to read at the age of sixty-two, thanks to the help of her granddaughter. This story shows that it is never too late to learn and that education can open up new possibilities for us in life.

About the Author 

Sudha Murthy is a well-known Indian author, social worker, and philanthropist. She is the chairperson of the Infosys Foundation, a non-profit organization that works in the areas of education, healthcare, and rural development. Murthy has written several books, including the best-selling "How I Taught My Grandmother to Read". Her stories are often inspired by her own life experiences and they explore themes of family, love, and the power of education.

The Faltering Pendulum by Bhabani Bhattacharya

Introduction

The Faltering Pendulum is a short story by Bhabani Bhattacharya that tells the story of a young woman who is ostracized by her community because she is barren. The woman, who is called the "rag woman," buys three pumpkin seeds and a goat at the weekly bazaar. She plants the seeds in her garden and tends to them with great care. However, the plants wither and die, and the goat dies as well. The woman is heartbroken, but she eventually finds hope in the form of a young girl who discovers the two tiny pumpkins that have grown from the withered vines. The story ends with the woman feeling a sense of peace and acceptance.

The story is a powerful exploration of the themes of loneliness, isolation, and hope. The rag woman is a tragic figure who is shunned by her community because of her inability to bear children. However, she finds solace in her garden and in the company of the young girl. The story suggests that even in the darkest of times, there is always hope for redemption.

Summary of the story

The rag woman is a young woman who lives in a small village in India. She is poor and uneducated, and she is ostracized by her community because she is barren. The woman has no friends or family, and she spends her days wandering the streets, collecting rags and other discarded items.

One day, the woman goes to the weekly bazaar. She barters for a few coins, and she buys three pumpkin seeds and a month-old goat. The woman takes the seeds and the goat back to her garden, and she plants them with great care.

The woman tends to the pumpkin plants and the goat with loving attention. She watches them grow and thrive, and she begins to feel a sense of hope for the first time in her life. However, her joy is short-lived. One day, the woman discovers that the pumpkin plants have withered and died. The goat also dies shortly thereafter.

The woman is heartbroken. She feels like she has lost everything. She sits down in her garden and begins to cry. However, her tears are not tears of sadness. They are tears of relief. The woman realizes that she is finally free from the burden of her barrenness. She is no longer a pariah, and she can finally start living her life.

The next day, the woman goes back to the bazaar. She buys a new set of pumpkin seeds, and she plants them in her garden. She also buys a new goat. The woman tends to the new plants and the goat with even more care than she did the first time. This time, the plants thrive, and the goat grows strong.

The woman is no longer lonely. She has found a new purpose in life. She has found a way to overcome her barrenness and to start living her life to the fullest. The story ends with the woman feeling a sense of peace and acceptance. She knows that she will never be able to have children, but she is finally content with her life

About the author

Bhabani Bhattacharya was an Indian author who wrote novels, short stories, and essays. He was born in 1906 in Sylhet, British India (now Bangladesh). Bhattacharya was educated at the University of Calcutta, where he studied English literature. After graduating, he worked as a journalist and a diplomat.

Bhattacharya's first novel, Sonar Tari (The Golden Boat), was published in 1933. It was a historical novel set in the 17th century. His second novel, Pather Panchali (Song of the Road), was published in 1944. It was a semi-autobiographical novel that tells the story of a poor family living in rural Bengal. Pather Panchali was adapted into an acclaimed film of the same name by Satyajit Ray in 1955.

Bhattacharya's other novels include A Goddess Named Gold (1949), He Who Rides a Tiger (1954), Shadow from Ladakh (1963), and A Dream in the Offing (1971). He also wrote several collections of short stories, including Steel Hawk and Other Stories (1968) and The Inherited Heart and Other Stories (1976).

Bhattacharya's work is known for its realism, its psychological insight, and its exploration of social and political issues. He was a major figure in the development of Indian English literature. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan, India's third-highest civilian honor, in 1968. He died in 1988.

Additional facts about Bhabani Bhattacharya:

* He was a close friend of the Indian writer and Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore.

* He was a founding member of the Progressive Writers' Association, an organization of Indian writers who were committed to social and political change.

* He was a diplomat for the Indian government, serving as ambassador to the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia.

* He was a recipient of the Sahitya Akademi Award, India's highest literary honor.

Packing Episode in Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K. Jerome

The Packing Episode in Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K. Jerome is a humorous account of the three friends' attempts to pack for their boating trip. The episode begins with the men excitedly gathering their belongings, but it quickly devolves into chaos as they start arguing about what to bring.

Jerome uses his gift for observational humour to describe the men's packing process in great detail. He highlights their haphazard approach, their tendency to overpack, and their inability to agree on anything. For example, he describes how they pack their clothes "as if they were paving a street" and how they argue over whether to bring a frying pan or a saucepan.

The episode ends with the men finally finishing packing and falling asleep. However, the reader is left with the impression that the trip is off to a rocky start. The men are clearly disorganized and unprepared, and it is unclear how they will manage to get along on their journey.

The Packing Episode is a classic example of Jerome's wit and humour. He uses the episode to poke fun at the men's disorganization and their inability to agree on anything. However, the episode also serves a more serious purpose. It foreshadows the challenges that the men will face on their journey. The men's disorganization and lack of preparation will make their trip more difficult, but it will also provide them with opportunities to learn and grow.

The men pack for their river trip in Chapter IV. As usual, the task takes longer and is made more complex by the packers. The narrator packs all of their clothing in a Gladstone bag, which the dictionary defines as “a suitcase with flexible sides on a rigid frame that opens flat into two equal compartments.” When he is done, he discovers that he had forgotten to put the boots in. He also can’t remember if he packed his own toothbrush. So he has to rummage through the bag to make sure. He eventually finds it in one of the boots.

Harris and George pack the food and cooking utensils into two hampers. It takes them two hours. They break a cup. They put heavy items on top of things that shouldn’t be squashed – like a tomato – and then have to clean the resulting mess out of the hamper. Harris sits on the butter and it sticks to him, and the two men have a difficult time finding it again. Montmorency, the dog, gets involved by putting his leg into the jam. All the while, the narrator merely watches this scene, amused. The episode gives us a good introduction to how the rest of the trip will proceed.

The Packing Episode is a brief but memorable episode in Three Men in a Boat. It is a humorous look at the importance of being organized and prepared. It is also a reminder that even the best-laid plans can go awry.

About the author

Jerome K. Jerome was an English writer and humorist, best known for his comic travelogue Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog). He was born on May 2, 1859, in Walsall, Staffordshire, England. Jerome's father was a teacher and his mother was a musician. Jerome grew up in a poor family and struggled in school due to his dyslexia.

Jerome left school at age 14 and worked as a railway clerk, a schoolteacher, an actor, and a journalist. He began writing short stories and essays in the 1880s, and his first book, On the Stage—and Off, was published in 1885. His second book, Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow, was published in 1886 and was a critical and commercial success.

In 1889, Jerome published Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog), which became an instant bestseller. The book is a humorous account of three friends' boating trip on the Thames. It is full of Jerome's trademark wit and observations on life, and it has been translated into over 100 languages.

Jerome continued to write throughout his life, and he published several other successful books, including Three Men on the Bummel (1900), Paul Kelver (1902), and My Life and Times (1926). He died on June 14, 1927, in Northampton, England.

Jerome K. Jerome is considered one of the most important English humorists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. His work is characterized by its wit, humor, and observations on life. He is best known for Three Men in a Boat, which is a classic of English literature that is still enjoyed by readers today.

"Sweets" by Robert Lynd

Robert Lynd (1879-1949) was an Irish essayist, journalist, and critic. He was born in Belfast, Ireland, and educated at Trinity College Dublin. After graduating, he worked as a journalist for several newspapers, including the Manchester Guardian and the Daily News. He also wrote several books of essays, including "A Selection from the Essays of Robert Lynd" (1923) and "The Green Fool" (1920).

Lynd's essay "Sweets" explores the nature of sweetness and its role in human life. He argues that sweetness is not simply a physical sensation, but also a complex emotional and psychological experience. Sweetness can be associated with pleasure, comfort, and security, but it can also be associated with temptation, indulgence, and even corruption.

The essay begins with Lynd discussing the different ways in which sweetness is represented in art, literature, and culture. He cites examples of sweet foods, drinks, and flowers, as well as sweet sounds, smells, and words. He also discusses the symbolism of sweetness in religious and philosophical traditions.

Lynd then goes on to argue that sweetness is a complex and contradictory emotion. It can be both pleasurable and dangerous. It can both comfort us and tempt us. He writes, "Sweetness is a quality that is not easy to define. It is not simply a matter of taste, but also of feeling. It is a quality that can be both attractive and repulsive, both comforting and dangerous."

Lynd then discusses the different ways in which sweetness can be used to manipulate and control people. He cites examples of advertisers who use sweet images and sounds to sell products, and of politicians who use sweet promises to win votes. He writes, "Sweetness is a powerful weapon. It can be used to seduce, to deceive, and to control."

Finally, Lynd concludes the essay by arguing that sweetness is a powerful emotion that can have a profound impact on our lives. He writes, "Sweetness is a complex and contradictory emotion. It can be both pleasurable and dangerous. It can both comfort us and tempt us. But it is an emotion that is essential to our humanity. It is an emotion that reminds us of our childhood, of our loved ones, and of the beauty of the world around us."

Lynd's essay "Sweets" is a thoughtful and insightful exploration of a complex and often contradictory emotion. The essay is well-written and engaging, and it offers a unique perspective on the role of sweetness in human life.

Here are some additional observations about the essay:

Lynd's use of language is vivid and evocative. He uses a variety of sensory imagery to create a sense of the sweetness he is describing.

Lynd's essay is full of interesting insights into the nature of sweetness. He explores the different ways in which sweetness can be experienced, both physically and emotionally.

Lynd's essay is also thought-provoking. He raises some interesting questions about the role of sweetness in our lives.

Overall, "Sweets" is a well-written and thought-provoking essay that offers a unique perspective on the nature of sweetness. It is a valuable addition to any collection of essays on the subject.

Us and Them by David Sedaris

David Sedaris is an American humourist, author, and radio contributor. His essays and short stories are often about his family life, middle-class upbringing, and other autobiographical details. 

David Sedaris's short story "Us and Them" is a humorous and poignant exploration of class and social differences. The story follows David, a young boy who moves to a new neighbourhood and meets the Tomkeys, a family of hillbillies who live in a trailer park. David's family is middle-class and they view the Tomkeys as being "other." They are often rude and condescending to them.

However, David is fascinated by the Tomkeys. He sees that they are kind and loving, even if they are different from his own family. He also learns that they face many challenges, such as poverty and discrimination.

As David gets to know the Tomkeys, he begins to see that they are not so different from his own family after all. They are all just people trying to make their way in the world. In the end, David realizes that there is no such thing as "us" and "them." We are all just people, and we should treat each other with respect, regardless of our differences.

The story is told from David's point of view, which allows the reader to see how his perception of the Tomkeys changes over the course of the story. The story is full of humour, but it also has a serious message about the importance of understanding and respecting people who are different from us.

The story is set in the 1970s, a time when class and social differences were more pronounced than they are today. However, the story's message is still relevant today. We live in a world where people are often divided by class, race, religion, and other factors. "Us and Them" reminds us that we should not judge people based on their appearance or their social status. We should all be treated with respect, regardless of who we are or where we come from.

The story is also a commentary on the role of television in our lives. The Tomkeys do not own a television, and they are often baffled by the things that David and his family talk about. They see television as a waste of time and a distraction from the real world.

In contrast, David's family is constantly watching television. They use it as a way to escape from their own lives and to avoid dealing with real issues. The story suggests that television can be a harmful force in our lives if we allow it to become a substitute for real human interaction.

"Us and Them" is a thought-provoking story that challenges us to think about the way we view people who are different from us. It is a reminder that we should all be treated with respect, regardless of our class, race, religion, or any other factor.

Themes from the story "Us and Them":

Class and social difference: The story explores the ways in which class and social differences can shape our perceptions of others. David's family is middle-class and they view the Tomkeys as being "other." They are often rude and condescending to them. However, David is fascinated by the Tomkeys and he eventually comes to see that they are not so different from his own family after all.

The importance of understanding and respecting people who are different from us: The story reminds us that we should not judge people based on their appearance or their social status. We should all be treated with respect, regardless of who we are or where we come from.

The role of television in our lives: The story suggests that television can be a harmful force in our lives if we allow it to become a substitute for real human interaction. The Tomkeys do not own a television, and they are often baffled by the things that David and his family talk about. They see television as a waste of time and a distraction from the real world. In contrast, David's family is constantly watching television. They use it as a way to escape from their own lives and to avoid dealing with real issues.

The Sparrow by Paul Laurence Dunbar

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The Sparrow by Paul Laurence Dunbar

A little bird, with plumage brown,
Beside my window flutters down,
A moment chirps its little strain,
Ten taps upon my window–pane,
And chirps again, and hops along,
To call my notice to its song;
But I work on, nor heed its lay,
Till, in neglect, it flies away.

So birds of peace and hope and love
Come fluttering earthward from above,
To settle on life’s window–sills,
And ease our load of earthly ills;
But we, in traffic’s rush and din
Too deep engaged to let them in,
With deadened heart and sense plod on,
Nor know our loss till they are gone.

This poem is in the public domain.

Paul Laurence Dunbar was one of the first African American poets to gain national recognition. He was born on June 27, 1872, in Dayton, Ohio. By the age of fourteen, Dunbar had poems published in the Dayton Herald. In his free time, he read the works of the Romantic poets, including John Keats and William Wordsworth, as well as the works of the American poets John Greenleaf Whittier and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.

The poem "The Sparrow" by Paul Laurence Dunbar is a short but powerful work that explores the themes of freedom, perseverance, and the power of dreams. The poem tells the story of a small sparrow that flutters down to the speaker's window and sings its song. The speaker is initially indifferent to the sparrow, but eventually comes to appreciate its simple beauty and its message of hope.

The sparrow in the poem serves as a symbol of hope and determination. Despite its small size and seemingly insignificant existence, the sparrow continues to sing and soar freely in the sky. This symbolizes the speaker's own ability to persevere in the face of adversity. The sparrow's song also represents the beauty and strength found in even the most humble and overlooked aspects of life.

The poem ends with the speaker reflecting on the sparrow's departure. The speaker realizes that they have missed out on the sparrow's message of hope by being too busy with their own affairs. This realization leads the speaker to vow to be more mindful of the simple pleasures in life and to appreciate the power of dreams.

The poem "The Sparrow" is a reminder that even the smallest things can have a big impact. The sparrow's song may seem insignificant, but it is enough to inspire the speaker to change their perspective on life. The poem also teaches us the importance of appreciating the simple things in life and of never giving up on our dreams.

Here are some additional thoughts on the thematic elements of the poem:

The theme of freedom: The sparrow's freedom to fly and sing is contrasted with the speaker's own sense of being trapped by their work and responsibilities. This contrast highlights the importance of freedom and the need to find ways to break free from our own limitations.

The theme of perseverance: The sparrow's determination to continue singing despite its small size and insignificant existence is an inspiration to the speaker. This teaches us that we should never give up on our dreams, no matter how difficult they may seem.

The theme of dreams: The sparrow's song represents the speaker's dreams for a better future. This teaches us that our dreams are powerful things that can help us to overcome challenges and achieve our goals.

Overall, "The Sparrow" is a beautiful and thought-provoking poem that explores the themes of freedom, perseverance, and the power of dreams. It is a poem that will stay with you long after you have finished reading it.