The Gold Frame by R. K. Laxman

Introduction

Rasipuram Krishnaswami Laxman (24 October 1921 – 26 January 2015) was an Indian cartoonist, illustrator, and humorist. He is best known for his creation The Common Man and for his daily cartoon strip, You Said It in The Times of India, which started in 1951.

Laxman's cartoons were widely popular in India, and he was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1968 and the Padma Vibhushan in 2005 for his contributions to art and literature. He retired from The Times of India in 2006, but he continued to draw cartoons for other publications until his death in 2015.

Introduction

R.K. Lakman was a master of the short story. His stories are often humorous and deal with everyday life in India. In "The Gold Frame," Lakman tells the story of a frame maker who accidentally damages a customer's photo. The frame maker is panic-stricken, but he comes up with a clever plan to substitute the damaged photo with another one. The customer, however, does not notice that the photo has been switched. He only complains that the frame is the wrong shape.

This story is a reminder that we often focus on the superficial aspects of things and fail to see the deeper meaning. The customer is so concerned with the shape of the frame that he does not even notice that the photo has been changed. This is a lesson that we can all learn from. We should not judge things based on their appearance alone. We should take the time to look deeper and see the true value of things.

Summary

Datta was the owner of a small shop called The Modern Frame Works. He used to put pictures into frames. One day a customer came to Datta’s shop with a faded picture of an elderly person. He demands that the best frame be used and chooses an imported German frame with an oval cut mount.

Later, however, Datta accidentally drops a tin of enamel paint over the photo. The photo is completely damaged. Datta is panic-stricken. He does not know what to do. As he looks around in dismay, an idea takes shape in Datta’s mind. He plans to substitute the damaged photo with another photo, which is somewhat similar. He finds a suitable photo for this purpose and puts it in a dazzling gold frame.

The customer arrives and asks if the work has been completed. Datta slowly removes the cover and hands over the photo. The customer looks at it. He shouts in anger, “What have you done?” Datta fears the worst. He thinks that his deception has been noticed. The customer continues shouting that while he had asked for an oval frame, Datta had used a square one!

Datta realizes then that the customer had not noticed that the photo itself was different. He had merely objected to the frame. He is relieved, as he knows that, at the most, he might have to change the frame.

Conclusion

This story teaches us a valuable lesson about the importance of appearances. The customer was so focused on the shape of the frame that he did not even notice that the photo had been changed. This is a reminder that we should not judge things based on their appearance alone. We should take the time to look deeper and see the true value of things.

Love Cycle by Chinua Achebe

Author Introduction

Chinua Achebe (1930-2013) was a Nigerian novelist, poet, and essayist. He is best known for his novel Things Fall Apart (1958), which is considered one of the greatest novels ever written in English. Achebe's work explores the themes of colonialism, identity, and the African experience.

Summary

The poem "Love Cycle" by Chinua Achebe compares the relationship between the sun and the earth to a human love relationship. The poem begins with the sun withdrawing its "long misty arms of embrace" from the earth at dawn. The earth is left "perfumed in dewdrop fragrance" and "wakes to whispers of soft-eyed light." The sun's departure is compared to the aftermath of dispassionate sex between a couple.

The sun then "wears out his temper ploughing the vast acres of heaven" and takes it out on the earth in "burning darts of anger." The earth endures the sun's harshness, like a woman who is dissatisfied with her partner but remains in the relationship for reasons of her own.

Towards the end of the poem, the speaker speculates on why the earth continues to stay in a relationship with the sun. The speaker suggests that the earth may be drawn to the sun's "great power" and "magnificent beauty." The earth may also be hopeful that the sun will eventually change its ways and become a more loving and gentle partner.

Analysis

The poem "Love Cycle" is a metaphor for the complex and often contradictory nature of love. The sun represents the passionate and destructive aspects of love, while the earth represents the patient and enduring aspects of love. The poem suggests that love is a cycle that repeats itself, with periods of passion and anger alternating with periods of patience and endurance.

The poem also explores the theme of hope. The earth remains in a relationship with the sun even though it is often mistreated, because it is hopeful that the sun will eventually change its ways. This suggests that even in the most difficult relationships, there is always hope for a better future.

Themes

The poem "Love Cycle" explores the following themes:

The complex and contradictory nature of love

The power of hope

The importance of patience and endurance

Style

The poem is written in free verse, which means that it does not follow a strict rhyme scheme or meter. This allows the poet to express the natural and unpredictable rhythms of love. The poem is also full of vivid imagery, which helps to bring the reader into the world of the poem.

Conclusion

"Love Cycle" is a powerful and moving poem that explores the many aspects of love. The poem is a reminder that love is a complex and unpredictable emotion, but it is also an emotion that is worth fighting for.

Text

At dawn slowly

the sun withdraws his

long misty arms of

embrace. Happy lovers

whose exertions leave

no aftertaste nor slush

of love’s combustion; Earth

perfumed in dewdrop

fragrance wakes

to whispers of

soft-eyed light…

Later he

will wear out his temper

ploughing the vast acres

of heaven and take it

out of her in burning

darts of anger. Long

accustomed to such caprice

she waits patiently

for evening when thoughts

of another night will

restore his mellowness

and her power

over him.

From:  1971, Beware Soul Brother and Other Poems

Copyright ©:  Christmas in Biafra and other Poems

Uncle Podger Hangs a Picture by Jerome K. Jerome

 

Author introduction

Jerome K. Jerome (1859-1927) was an English writer and humorist. He is best known for his humorous essays and short stories, including "Three Men in a Boat," "The Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow," and "Uncle Podger Hangs a Picture."

Summary

The story of "Uncle Podger Hangs a Picture" is a humorous account of a man's attempt to hang a picture on the wall. Uncle Podger is a well-intentioned but incompetent man who makes a complete mess of the job. He starts by taking off his coat and rolling up his sleeves, as if he were about to undertake a major project. He then orders everyone in the household to help him, including his wife, Aunt Podger, his children, and the maid.

Uncle Podger begins by measuring the height of the picture and marking the spot on the wall where he wants to hang it. He then gets a ladder and climbs up to the spot. However, the ladder is wobbly, and Uncle Podger has to hold on to the wall for support. He tries to hammer in a nail, but he misses the mark and hits his thumb instead. He then drops the hammer, which rolls out of reach.

At this point, Aunt Podger tells Uncle Podger to come down from the ladder and let her do it. But Uncle Podger is determined to finish the job himself. He climbs back up the ladder and tries to hammer in the nail again. This time, he succeeds, but the nail is crooked. Uncle Podger tries to straighten it out, but he only makes it worse.

The picture is now hanging crookedly on the wall, and Uncle Podger is starting to get frustrated. He orders everyone to move away so that he can have some space. He then tries to hammer the nail straight, but he misses the mark again and hits his thumb again. This time, he hits it so hard that he breaks his nail.

Uncle Podger is now in a lot of pain. He climbs down from the ladder and sits down in a chair. He tells Aunt Podger that he is going to give up and let her do it. Aunt Podger finishes hanging the picture, and everyone is relieved that it is finally over.

Analysis

The story of "Uncle Podger Hangs a Picture" is a humorous look at the dangers of overconfidence and the importance of being prepared. Uncle Podger is a well-intentioned man who is confident in his abilities. However, he is also careless and disorganized. He starts the job without making sure that he has all the necessary tools and materials. He also fails to plan ahead, which leads to a series of mishaps.

The story is also a reminder of the importance of teamwork. Uncle Podger could have easily hung the picture by himself if he had been more organized and careful. However, his mistakes and clumsiness led to a lot of chaos and frustration. In the end, it was Aunt Podger who had to step in and finish the job.

The story of "Uncle Podger Hangs a Picture" is a classic example of Jerome K. Jerome's humor. It is a funny and heartwarming story that will leave you laughing out loud.

A Nation's Strength by William Ralph Emerson

Introduction to William Ralph Emerson

William Ralph Emerson (1833-1917) was an American architect and the second cousin of Ralph Waldo Emerson, one of America's most famous poets and essayists. William Ralph Emerson was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and studied architecture at Harvard University. He worked as an architect in Boston for many years, and he designed several of the first buildings for the National Zoo in Washington, D.C. He died in Milton, Massachusetts, in 1917.

Summary of "A Nation's Strength"

In the poem "A Nation's Strength," William Ralph Emerson asks what makes a nation great and strong. He dismisses the traditional notions that gold, the sword, or pride are the keys to national greatness. Instead, he argues that it is the people of a nation who make it great and strong. He writes:

            "Not gold but only men can make

            A people great and strong;

            Men who for truth and honor's sake

            Stand fast and suffer long."

Emerson goes on to describe the qualities of the men who make a nation great. These are men who are brave, hardworking, and dedicated to truth and honor. They are men who are willing to stand up for what they believe in, even when it is difficult. They are men who are willing to sacrifice their own comfort and well-being for the good of their country.

Analysis of "A Nation's Strength"

The poem "A Nation's Strength" is a powerful reminder that the true strength of a nation lies in its people. A nation can have all the gold and power in the world, but if its people are not strong and virtuous, it will not last. Emerson's poem is a call to action for all of us to live our lives in a way that makes our nation stronger.

Thematic Elements

The poem "A Nation's Strength" explores the themes of patriotism, courage, and sacrifice. Emerson argues that the true strength of a nation lies in its people, and that it is the people who make a nation great and strong. He calls on all of us to live our lives in a way that makes our nation stronger.

Style

The poem "A Nation's Strength" is written in a simple and direct style. Emerson uses clear and concise language to communicate his message. The poem is also very rhythmic, which helps to create a sense of power and strength. The poem is a six-stanza poem, each stanza having four lines. The poem follows the rhyme scheme abab, which is also called alternate rhyme. In the following example, the first line rhymes with the third while the second line rhymes with the fourth.

                What makes a nation's pillars high

                And its foundations strong?

                What makes it mighty to defy

                The foes that round it throng?

Conclusion

"A Nation's Strength" is a powerful and inspiring poem that reminds us of the importance of patriotism, courage, and sacrifice. It is a poem that is sure to resonate with anyone who cares about the future of their country.

Text

What makes a nation's pillars high

And its foundations strong?

What makes it mighty to defy

The foes that round it throng?

It is not gold. Its kingdoms grand

Go down in battle shock;

Its shafts are laid on sinking sand,

Not on abiding rock.

Is it the sword? Ask the red dust

Of empires passed away;

The blood has turned their stones to rust,

Their glory to decay.

And is it pride? Ah, that bright crown

Has seemed to nations sweet;

But God has struck its luster down

In ashes at his feet.

Not gold but only men can make

A people great and strong;

Men who for truth and honor's sake

Stand fast and suffer long.

Brave men who work while others sleep,

Who dare while others fly...

They build a nation's pillars deep

And lift them to the sky.

"A Nation's Strength" first appeared in Our Little Kings and Queens at Home and at School (Louis Benham & Co., 1891). This poem is in the public domain.

How I Taught My Grandmother to Read by Sudha Murthy

Introduction

The story "How I Taught My Grandmother to Read" is about how the author, Sudha Murthy, taught her grandmother to read. The author's grandmother was illiterate and had never gone to school. However, she was very intelligent and had a strong desire to learn. When the author was twelve years old, she started teaching her grandmother to read. The grandmother was a quick learner and soon she was able to read simple words and sentences. The author was very proud of her grandmother and she was happy that she had been able to help her achieve her goal.

Summary

The story is set in a small village in Karnataka, India. The narrator, who is about twelve years old, lives with her grandparents. Her grandmother is illiterate, but she has a strong desire to learn to read. One day, the narrator's grandmother tells her that she wants to learn to read the novel "Kashi Yatre" by Triveni. The narrator agrees to teach her grandmother how to read.

The narrator starts by teaching her grandmother the alphabet and simple words. Her grandmother is a quick learner and soon she is able to read simple sentences. The narrator is very proud of her grandmother and she is happy that she has been able to help her achieve her goal.

The grandmother is so excited about her new ability to read that she starts reading everything she can get her hands on. She reads newspapers, magazines, and even books that she doesn't understand. The narrator is amused by her grandmother's enthusiasm and she is glad that she has been able to open up a whole new world of knowledge to her.

On the day of Saraswati Puja, the grandmother gives the narrator a gift. It is a piece of material for a new frock. The grandmother tells the narrator that she is giving her the gift as a token of her appreciation for teaching her how to read. The narrator is touched by her grandmother's gesture and she is proud of the role she has played in helping her grandmother achieve her dream.

The story ends with the narrator reflecting on the importance of education. She says that education is a gift that can open up new possibilities for us in life. It can help us to understand the world around us and to make informed decisions. The narrator is grateful that she was able to help her grandmother learn to read and she hopes that her story will inspire others to never give up on their dreams.

Additional details about the story:

The grandmother's name is Krishtakka.

The novel "Kashi Yatre" is about an old woman who wants to go to Kashi, a holy city in India.

The narrator's name is not revealed in the story.

The story takes place in the early 1960s.

Analysis

The story of "How I Taught My Grandmother to Read" is a heartwarming tale of the power of education and the importance of never giving up on your dreams. The grandmother in the story is a shining example of the fact that it is never too late to learn. She was able to achieve her goal of learning to read at the age of sixty-two, thanks to the help of her granddaughter.

The story also teaches us the importance of family and community. The author's grandmother was supported by her entire family in her quest to learn to read. Her children and grandchildren were all very proud of her and they encouraged her every step of the way. The story shows the power of love and support to help us achieve our goals.

Central Idea

The central idea of the story is that education is a powerful tool that can help us achieve our goals, regardless of our age or circumstances. The grandmother in the story was able to achieve her dream of learning to read at the age of sixty-two, thanks to the help of her granddaughter. This story shows that it is never too late to learn and that education can open up new possibilities for us in life.

About the Author 

Sudha Murthy is a well-known Indian author, social worker, and philanthropist. She is the chairperson of the Infosys Foundation, a non-profit organization that works in the areas of education, healthcare, and rural development. Murthy has written several books, including the best-selling "How I Taught My Grandmother to Read". Her stories are often inspired by her own life experiences and they explore themes of family, love, and the power of education.

The Faltering Pendulum by Bhabani Bhattacharya

Introduction

The Faltering Pendulum is a short story by Bhabani Bhattacharya that tells the story of a young woman who is ostracized by her community because she is barren. The woman, who is called the "rag woman," buys three pumpkin seeds and a goat at the weekly bazaar. She plants the seeds in her garden and tends to them with great care. However, the plants wither and die, and the goat dies as well. The woman is heartbroken, but she eventually finds hope in the form of a young girl who discovers the two tiny pumpkins that have grown from the withered vines. The story ends with the woman feeling a sense of peace and acceptance.

The story is a powerful exploration of the themes of loneliness, isolation, and hope. The rag woman is a tragic figure who is shunned by her community because of her inability to bear children. However, she finds solace in her garden and in the company of the young girl. The story suggests that even in the darkest of times, there is always hope for redemption.

Summary of the story

The rag woman is a young woman who lives in a small village in India. She is poor and uneducated, and she is ostracized by her community because she is barren. The woman has no friends or family, and she spends her days wandering the streets, collecting rags and other discarded items.

One day, the woman goes to the weekly bazaar. She barters for a few coins, and she buys three pumpkin seeds and a month-old goat. The woman takes the seeds and the goat back to her garden, and she plants them with great care.

The woman tends to the pumpkin plants and the goat with loving attention. She watches them grow and thrive, and she begins to feel a sense of hope for the first time in her life. However, her joy is short-lived. One day, the woman discovers that the pumpkin plants have withered and died. The goat also dies shortly thereafter.

The woman is heartbroken. She feels like she has lost everything. She sits down in her garden and begins to cry. However, her tears are not tears of sadness. They are tears of relief. The woman realizes that she is finally free from the burden of her barrenness. She is no longer a pariah, and she can finally start living her life.

The next day, the woman goes back to the bazaar. She buys a new set of pumpkin seeds, and she plants them in her garden. She also buys a new goat. The woman tends to the new plants and the goat with even more care than she did the first time. This time, the plants thrive, and the goat grows strong.

The woman is no longer lonely. She has found a new purpose in life. She has found a way to overcome her barrenness and to start living her life to the fullest. The story ends with the woman feeling a sense of peace and acceptance. She knows that she will never be able to have children, but she is finally content with her life

About the author

Bhabani Bhattacharya was an Indian author who wrote novels, short stories, and essays. He was born in 1906 in Sylhet, British India (now Bangladesh). Bhattacharya was educated at the University of Calcutta, where he studied English literature. After graduating, he worked as a journalist and a diplomat.

Bhattacharya's first novel, Sonar Tari (The Golden Boat), was published in 1933. It was a historical novel set in the 17th century. His second novel, Pather Panchali (Song of the Road), was published in 1944. It was a semi-autobiographical novel that tells the story of a poor family living in rural Bengal. Pather Panchali was adapted into an acclaimed film of the same name by Satyajit Ray in 1955.

Bhattacharya's other novels include A Goddess Named Gold (1949), He Who Rides a Tiger (1954), Shadow from Ladakh (1963), and A Dream in the Offing (1971). He also wrote several collections of short stories, including Steel Hawk and Other Stories (1968) and The Inherited Heart and Other Stories (1976).

Bhattacharya's work is known for its realism, its psychological insight, and its exploration of social and political issues. He was a major figure in the development of Indian English literature. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan, India's third-highest civilian honor, in 1968. He died in 1988.

Additional facts about Bhabani Bhattacharya:

* He was a close friend of the Indian writer and Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore.

* He was a founding member of the Progressive Writers' Association, an organization of Indian writers who were committed to social and political change.

* He was a diplomat for the Indian government, serving as ambassador to the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia.

* He was a recipient of the Sahitya Akademi Award, India's highest literary honor.

The Gold Frame by R.K. Laxman

                                                          Link :The Gold Frame short film
THE GOLD FRAME
R.K. Laxman

        Datta was the owner of a small shop called The Modern Frame Works. He used to put pictures into frames. One day a customer comes to Datta’s shop with a faded picture of an elderly person. He demands that the best frame be used and chooses an imported German frame with an oval cut mount.

      Later, however, Datta accidentally drops a tin of enamel paint over the photo. The photo is completely damaged. Datta is panic-stricken. He does not know what to do. As he looks around in dismay, an idea takes shape in Datta’s mind. He plans to substitute the damaged photo with another photo, which is somewhat similar. He finds a suitable photo for this purpose and puts it in a dazzling gold frame.

      The customer arrives and asks if the work has been completed. Datta slowly removes the cover and hands over the photo. The customer looks at it. He shouts in anger, “What have you done?” Datta fears the worst. He thinks that his deception has been noticed. The customer continues shouting that while he had asked for an oval frame, Datta had used a square one!

      Datta realizes then that the customer had not noticed that the photo itself was different. He had merely objected to the frame. He is relieved, as he knows that, at the most, he might have to change the frame.
https://youtu.be/GqgfFFmtJoo

WATERLOO

                                                                                                                        -Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

The play Waterloo revolves round a retired military hero, Gregory Brewster. He was ninety six years old. He was a corporal in Royal Scots Guards. He had won a medal for courage in the battle of Waterloo. He spends the last days of his life remembering his great deeds of glory.

Waterloo original text

Norah was the grand niece of Gregory Brewster. She had come to his house in Woolwich to help him. The corporal used to sleep till 10 O' clock in the morning. One-day Sergeant Archie McDonald had come to visit the corporal. As he was asleep he saw the medal as well as a piece of print hanging by the fire place. The sergeant read all the heroic deeds of the corporal.

During the battle of Waterloo, the troops were running short of gun powder. Brewster succeeded in his attempts to make the cart pass through the flames. So he was awarded a medal by Prince Regent the first gentle man of England.

Norah offered a cup of tea to the corporal. The sergeant came again to invite corporal Brewster to visit Scots Gaurds. In the meantime, the corporal asked Norah to read about the battle of Armageddan from the Bible. The colonel of the Scot Gaurds, James Midwinter, came to their house after sometime. He told him that the officers of the Battaleon wanted to give some present to give him honour. Brewster could not forget how he fought in the battle. It was fresh in his memory. Talking about that he breathed his last.

The play reflects the mentality of a true soldier with humour, pathos and spirit of courage. 

THE NIGHT THE GHOST GOT IN

                                                                                                               -  James  Thurber

James Thurber is one of the celebrated essayists of the 20th century. His essay covers a variety of fields and subjects. His style is spontaneous lucid and witty.

One November night at one O' clock Thurber heard someone walking in the dining room. James Thurber thought that it was ghost. So he woke up his brother Herman. Both of them listened the sound. There was no sound. A little later they heard the steps running around the dining table out of fear locked themselves.

On hearing the sound their mother woke up and she thought that there was Burglars. She wanted to inform the police. But the phone was downstairs. So she threw a shoe into the bedroom of their neighbours Bodwell. Bodwell was very angry to find the window glass pane broken Mrs. Bodwell was shocked.

Bodwell immediately informed the police and they came to Thurber's house. A cop came to Thurber's room and asked him who he was. Thurber replied that, he lived there.

At the time grandfather woke up  and he thought that the cops were the deserters from General Meade's Buttalion in the American Civil war. He attacked the policemen and the policemen escaped.

Next day the grandfather asked innocently what the cops were doing in their house the previous nights.

Thus Thurber's story is filled with wit and humour that arise out of mistaken identity.

A CUP OF TEA

                                                                                                           -Katherine Mansfield

Katherine Mansfield is the author of this essay. She was born at Wellington (New Zealand) . Her essays cover the evils of hypocrisies and self deception of life. Her work is a real criticism of life. She believed in the art of suggestion.

Pretty Rose Mary Fell

Rose Mary Fell was a pretty girl. She was young, brilliant, extremely modern, well dressed, well read, presentable and amusing. She was a married girl. Her husband name was Philip.

Flower loving Rose Mary Fell

      1) Rose Mary was fond of flowers even if she wanted to buy flowers she would go to prefect shop.

       2) Among them she loved roses and tulips but hated life.

Art loving Rose Mary Fell

One-day she went to an antique shop. She saw an exquisite little enamel box. She loved it very much. Its price was 28 guineas. So she didn't buy. She said to the shop man, keep the price till I get.

Snogging Rose Mary Fell

It was drizzling. A young girl drenched in the rain requested (begged) for the price of a cup of tea. Suddenly Rose Mary remembered a similar scene from the Dostoevsky's novel.

Mothering Rose Mary Fell

She decided to take girl home and play the role of a fairy good mother. She took her home. She made her feel comfortable. She fed her with hearty meal and gave her many cup of tea. She made the girl quite comfortable and happy.

Persuading Rose Mary

When Philip came, she introduced Miss. Smith as her friend. She persuaded her husband saying she wants to put the words in the novel in reality.

Possessive Rose Mary

Rose Mary could not bear her husband's compliments about the girl. She realised the daughter. She presented three hundred pounds and sent her away.

Glamourizing Rose Mary

She glamourized herself. She informed him, that she went away and asked him "Am I pretty"?

Conclusion

            Thus the author proved the sobbing character of Aristocrats.

THE DONKEY

                                                                                                             - Sir Arthur Thomas

Introduction

Sir J. Arthur Thomas is the author of this essay. He responded to nature and life in all varieties. His essays are based on difficult science subjects. His style is lucid and literary.

Thomas pictures the donkey as a fire, lovable, strange, affectionate, clever and philosophical creature. But the traditional view is that the donkey is ugly, stupid sulky and dull creative.

The author says, that the domesticated donkey is descended from the African wild ass. There is a variety of donkeys. The donkey differs physically and mentally among them. The donkey looks like the pony but has different features.

The Hee- Haw is one of the weirdest sound in the animal kingdom. It commence with loud enthusiasm and ends in melancholic sobs. This braying sound is associated with its ancestral home desert. This sound wakes up the other creatures in the desert.

It's dirty colour is often suited to sandy background. This helps to hide itself in the dry dust it recalls its past. Its long sensitive ear helps to locate the enemy. It's very simple and poor food shows its desert home but man exploits them and does not give enough food.

The African wild ass is a handsome, agile, high spirited, courageous creature. A male ass lives with many females and their young ones. They also fight fiercely with confidence. But often the domesticated donkey is pictured as a depressed creature. The Egyptian high caste white ass is an example for good breeding.

Conclusion

It will be sad pity if this fine type of donkey vanishes from the world. Even though donkey retains many good qualities they are depressed by the careless nature.

ON LETTER WRITING

                                                                                                           -Alpha of the plough

Alpha of the plough was the pen name of A.G. Gardiner. He was one of the finest essayists. In this essay "On Letter Writing" he talks about the lost art of letter writing.

The essay opens with the conversation between two soldiers Bill and Sam. They find it very difficult to write letters.

A.G. Gardiner says that letter writing is not practised by many people now-a-days. They do not have the gift of self-expression. They are not able to condense the atmosphere into concrete word.

The art of letter writing was killed by penny post and modern hurry. The poor people could not enjoy the luxury of letter writing. In those days a letter was an important event.

The art of letter writing is not practiced in our age. This is because of the advent of the penny post. Letter writing has become very cheap. So people do not bother to write good letters. Moreover the telephone, the telegraph and the type writer has destroyed  the art of letter writing.

Modern people do not write literary letters. They are not able to put the great things that happened in their life into words. The secret of letter writing is intimate triviality and through such trivialities a living picture  should be presented.

In short, a good letter should be written in a light and casual way. It should be simple and perfect. It should be personal and not abstract. It should not be orderly, stately and elaborate like a good essay. It should be written in a familiar tone.

        

     Thus A.G. Gardiner advices the readers to review the art of letter writing by constant practice.

PROFESSIONS FOR WOMEN

Virginia Woolf was a critique and novelist. This essay ‘Professions for Women’ is plea for intellectual freedom and artistic integrity. Woolf’s profession was literature. Many women writers came before her. They made the path smooth and regulated the steps. So that was not much difficulty in writing. Writing was a reputable and harmless occupation. The family peace was not broken by it. Much money was also not needed.

Woolf explained how she became a journalist. She wrote review and sent them. It was rewarded. She got one pound ten shillings and six pence. She bought a Persian cat with that money.

Woolf narrated her experiences as a novelist. A novelist must be as unconscious as possible. Woolf wanted to review a novel by a famous man. For that she had to fight with the phantom. The phantom was a woman. She was called as the Angel in the house (the heroine of the poem written by Coventry Patmore) She was symbol of domestic dependence and domestic drudgery. 

The phantom disturbed her mind. Woolf killed that phantom. Killing the Angel in the house was part of the occupation of a women writer.

Women writers were impeded by the conventionalities of the other sex. The obstacles against women were very powerful. Women had to overcome many problems.

Killing the Angel in the house and telling the truth about her own experience were two important adventures of Woolf's professional life.

Woolf concluded the essay by saying that no profession was without obstacles. She called woman to break the idol of womanly profession to challenge the world.

LORD BYRON'S LOVE LETTER

                                                                                      -Tennessee Williams

Tennessee Williams was an American poet, play wright and short story writer. The one act play Lord Byron's Love Letter was set in the Northern part of U.S.A. and abroad used to come to new Orleans  during carnivals like Mardigras.

An old woman and a Spinster, aged 40, lived in the French quarter of new Orleans. They kept a sign board in front of their house. They had Lord Byron's love letter with them. They earned their living by exhibiting the letter to the Tourists. They also used to collect small donation from them.

A Matron and her husband Mr.Tutwiller (Winston) came from Milwavkee for Mardigras. On seeing the sign in the door. The Matron was curious to see Lord Byron's love letter. She entered their house and asked the letter, the spinster explained her that Lord Byron had written the letter to her grandmother Irenee Marguerite De Poitevent. When she was sixteen Byron met her on the steps of the Acropolis in Athens.

Byron went into voluntary exile from England because of the gossip in the Regents' court. In Greece, he served for the cause of freedom.  Irenee met him there while she had gone to study about the ancient Europe civilization. Byron met her and conveyed his love. Unfortunately he was killed in a battle. So the grandmother wanted spend the rest of his life in complete seclusion.

In the meantime Martons husband came there in a fully drunken state. He disturbed them. In the end the spinster showed the love letter of Byron from a distance and asked for some money. At that time the sound of the parade was heard Tutwiler at once ran towards it. The Marton also followed him without giving any money.

A MARRIAGE PROPOSAL

                                                                                           -Anton Chekhov

The one act play Marriage proposal was written by Anton Chekhov. Anton Chekhov was a Russian writer. The play at first sight appears as nothing more than a farce. It exposes the true nature of various kinds of people.

Stepan Stepanovich Choobookov was a land owner. He had a twenty five years old daughter named Natalia Stepanovna. Ivan Vassileivich Lomov, their neighbour was thirty -five years old. He was a terribly hypochondriac land owner. One day Lomov dressed himself neatly in marriage coat and gloves and went to the house of Choobookov. He asked Choobookov for Natalia's hand in marriage. Choobookov was extremely happy and told that Natalia was madly in love with him.

Lomov was excited on hearing this. He waited to see Natalia. Natalia came and greeted him. They started a conversation.

When Lomov talked he made a mention of his property. 'The Ox Meadows '. Natalia stopped him and said that they belong to them. Both had arguments over that. Lomov said that the Ox Meadows belonged to his ancestors and it was given to Natalia's grandfather's peasants for 40 years to be used free of charge. The argument became severe and they started calling each other 'names'.

Choobookov came there. He also joined in support of Natalia. The quarrel was too intense that Lomov finally walked out of the house with great insult. After Lomov had gone, Choobookov told Natalia the reason why Lomov had come to their house and scolded him. On hearing that Natalia became hysterical and wanted to bring Lomov back to their house. Choobookov was shocked. But for the sake of his daughter he invited Lomov again.

Lomov once again came there. Natalia apologised and admitted that the ox meadows belonged to him. Then they began their conversation again. They changed their topic to hunting. Lomov had a hound guess. He had bought that from Mironov for 125 rubels. Choobookov had a dog leap. They bought that for 85 rubles. Natalia said that their dog leap was a superior variety. Lomov said that his guess was superior than the leap. Again there was a heated argument. Choobookov intervened to stop but failed.

The argument became strong and Lomov's heart began to palpitate. His foot paralysed and he fainted on the arm chair. Natalia thought that he was dead. They gave him water to drink. After sometime he moved slowly. Atonce Choobookov urged them to marry soon. They accepted each other and got married.

Thus the play ends happily with the marriage of Lomov and Natalia inspite of their differences.

RIDERS TO THE SEA

Riders to the sea is an amazing play by John Millington Synge. It is a modern tragedy in one act. The play narrates the calamities inflicted by the sea on a family that lived in Aran Islands.

The play begins with the conversation between the two Sisters Cathleen and Nora. Cathleen is a girl about twenty. They talk about their brother Michael who was drowned in the sea. In order to hide his death from Maurya their old mother, they kept his clothes in the turf loft.

The next son Bartley wanted to go to Connemara. His mother requested him not to go as she had already last her son in the sea. She said.

          " what is the price of a  thousand horses against the son where there  

           is one son only?"

but he didn't give need to his mothers words. He rode on a red mare to catch the boat waiting near the sea. Maurya uttered some bad words on his departure.

Cathleen scolded her mother for that. Then she sent her with the bread to give him a blessing. While their mother went out, the sisters unwrapped the bundle in the loft. They were very sure that the clothes belong to Michael.

Meanwhile Maurya returned back home with a strange story. She saw Bartley in a red mare followed by Michael in a grey pony. She felt sorry for having lost all her six sons, her husband and her husband's father in the sea. Suddenly Cathleen and Nora notice a woman entering their house with a sad face. After her some men brought the dead body of Bartley. The broken mother sat by the side of his dead son and prayed for his soul.

           Thus the play ends on a tragic note of gentle submission to the role of fate.